PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS SOCIETY 35th ANNUAL MEETING-1991 AGE AND THE PERCEPTION OF A MODULATING TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHT IN A FIELD LOCATION
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Y o u n g , m i d d l e , a n d o l d e r d r i v e r s w e r e m o t o r e d t o w a r d s a t r a f f i c s i g n a l f a c e a n d w e r e r e q u i r e d t o r e p o r t w h e t h e r t h e i l l u m i n a t e d s i g n a l l e n s w a s m o d u l a t i n g . N o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e f o u n d a m o n g t h e t h r e e a g e g r o u p s i n t h e d i s t a n c e a t w h i c h m o d u l a t i o n w a s f i r s t r e p o r t e d n o r i n t h e c h a n g e o f t h e m o d u l a t i o n p a t t e r n a s t h e y a p p r o a c h e d t h e s i g n a l f a c e . T h e m o d u l a t i n g o f t h e i l l u m i n a t e d g r e e n l e n s w a s p e r c e i v e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y f u r t h e r a w a y t h a n w a s t h e r e d l e n s . T h e s e d i s t a n c e s i n c r e a s e d d u r i n g t r i a l s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n c l e m e n t w e a t h e r . S e v e n t y f o u r p e r c e n t o f t h e o b s e r v e r s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e m o d u l a t i o n a t t r a c t e d t h e i r a t t e n t i o n . O f t h e s e , 6 4 % r e p o r t e d a p r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e u s e o f t h e m o d u l a t i n g l i g h t i n t h e t r a f f i c s i g n a l s a s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s t a n d a r d l i g h t s o u r c e . I m p l i c a t i o n s f o r i m p r o v i n g s a f e t y a t i n t e r s e c t i o n s f o r t h e o l d e r d r i v e r a r e d i s c u s s e d . I N T R O D U C T I O N A t i n t e r s e c t i o n s c o n t r o l l e d b y a t r a f f i c s i g n a l l i g h t t h e a b i l i t y t o d e t e c t t h e p r e s e n c e o f a s i g n a l f a c e a n d r e s p o n d a p p r o p r i a t e l y i s a c r i t i c a l a c t i v i t y i n a v e h i c u l a r o r i e n t e d e n v i r o n m e n t . H o w e v e r , o n o c c a s i o n , d r i v e r s a n d p e d e s t r i a n s m a y r e s p o n d i n a p p r o p r i a t e l y . T h e s e s i t u a t i o n s m a y b e t h e r e s u l t o f r i s k t a k i n g , i n a t t e n t i o n , d i s t r a c t i o n , o r l o o k i n g b u t f a i l i n g ' t o s e e ( H i l l s , 1 9 8 0 ) , a n d t h e s e a r e c o m p o u n d e d b y c o m p e t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l a r r a y s t h a t r e d u c e t h e c o n s p i c u i t y o f t h e i l l u m i n a t e d s i g n a l l e n s . T h e u s e o f f l a s h i n g l i g h t s h a s b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y u s e d t o i m p r o v e t h e c o n s p i c u i t y o f t w o t r a f f i c c o n t r o l d e v i c e s . S t r y b e l & N a s s i ( 1 9 8 6 ) i m p r o v e d t h e r e c o g n i t i o n o f a l a n e r e v e r s i n g s i g n a l u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s o f s u n g l a r e b y p l a c i n g a r o t a t i n g b e a c o n a b o v e t h e s i g n a l ; a n d a s t r o b e l i g h t s t r i p h a s b e e n a t t a c h e d t o t h e f a c e o f t h e r e a l e n s a n d p u l s e s w h e n t h e r e d s i g n a l i l l u m i n a t e d ( M U T C D , 1 9 8 8 ) . A l t h o u g h e f f e c t i v e , a p o t e n t i a l p r o b l e m e x i s t s . T h e s e a l e r t i n g d e v i c e s a r e t a n g e n t i a l t o t h e s i g n a l s a n d t h e i r f a i l u r e c o u l d r e s u l t i n m i s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s i g n a l l i g h t s f r o m o b s e r v e r s w h o a r e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e i r o p e r a t i o n . R e c e n t l y , B r u g g e r ( 1 9 8 9 ) d e s i g n e d a d u a l f i l a m e n t t r a f f i c s i g n a l l i g h t b u l b w h e r e t h e w a r n i n g w a s i n h e r e n t i n t h e s i g n a l ' s n o r m a l l i g h t i n g p a t t e r n . B y a l t e r n a t e l y e n e r g i z i n g e a c h f i l a m e n t , a m o d u l a t i o n p a t t e r n w a s g e n e r a t e d w h i c h o b s e r v e r s d e s c r i b e a s a " f l i c k e r i n g o r s h i m m e r i n g " l i g h t . P r e l i m i n a r y r e s e a r c h w i t h o b s e r v e r s w h o w e r e n o t i n f o r m e d o f t h e s h i m m e r i n g l i g h t r e s p o n d e d a p p r o p r i a t e l y t o t h e r e d a n d g r e e n s i g n a l l i g h t s . A r a t e o f f o u r h e r t z w a s i d e n t i f i e d a s t h i s r a t e p r o d u c e d t h e m a x i m u m d i s t a n c e f o r v i e w i n g m o d u l a t i o n a n d w a s n o t c o n f u s e d w i t h a " b l i n k i n g " t r a f f i c s i g n a l l i g h t . T h e o b s e r v e r s i n d e p e n d e n t l y r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e m o d u l a t i o n p a t t e r n w a s q u a l i t a t i v e l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m w h a t t h e y h a v e p r e v i o u s l y e x p e r i e n c e d . G u z y , S u i b , L e i b o w i t z , a n d B r u g g e r ( 1 9 9 0 ) e x a m i n e d t h e e f f e c t s o f t h i s l i g h t s o u r c e i n a t r a f f i c s i g n a l f a c e u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s o f s i m u l a t e d
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